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©David Chancellor/GQ

©David Chancellor/GQ

Of Green Days and American Idiots — Trophy Hunting Back In the Spotlight

February 21, 2020
“Bearing in mind that climate change is helping to remove animals and in 50 years time probably humans as well, now is the time for us to get into a position without being hypocritical. We are all hoping that Boris [Johnson] will see that cruelty is what we’re talking about — bullying bastards are involved and people who are vain sticking lovely dead animals on their walls.”
— Sir Ranulph Fiennes in The Guardian, 17 Feb 2020

One of the inevitable burdens of growing old, the writer Paul Theroux has said, is hearing the same old arguments over and over again, made by people who think they’re the first to think of them.

Which brings us again to the issue of trophy hunting as a panacea for environmental degradation and species extinction.

This has come up now because the newly re-elected UK government is once again considering a ban on the import of some — but not all — animal trophies. The old, entrenched forces on either side of the divide have dug in yet again, knee deep in the big muddy.

It’s a pointless debate either way, because, as Greta Thunberg will be only too happy to tell you, politicians — especially populist politicians — don’t believe in promises. They tell people what they think people want to hear, change their minds on a whim, and can’t be trusted as far as you can throw a lion bone at them.

The debate persists because, let’s face it, people like to argue and — Greta and her climate supporters aside — they’re not that interested in doing anything, particularly if doing something comes at a personal cost or minor inconvenience.

A well-known lion researcher and Oxford-educated field biologist working in Tanzania’s Ruaha National Park recently faced a social-media backlash for stating the case for trophy hunting as a way to protect Africa’s increasingly threatened population of wild lions. She ended up being disinvited from a conservation conference in the UK, despite citing her Oxford degree and years of field research as qualifying credentials. This researcher’s position, backed by the hunting lobby, is that private land needs to provide an income if it’s not to be redeveloped for condos or a new superhighway, and charging fat dentists from Minnesota major dollars to shoot a lion helps pay for the land’s keep, and allows other animals living there to be left alone. It’s the old, “If it pays, it stays” argument. If landowners can’t make money off their land, the reasoning goes, it will fall into neglect, and everyone loses — the land owners, the animals, and the land itself.

When I weighed in with a contrary comment of my own, I had an owner of a neighbouring hunting blocks — the accepted lingo for hunting concession areas —  take me to task for not acknowledging the financial risks involved. “We don’t have any animals,” he said. “What are we supposed to do?”

Perhaps the reason you don’t any animals is that they’ve all been shot out, but that argument is likely always to fall on deaf ears.

Never mind that one of the most compelling arguments in favour of tourism, as opposed to hunting, as that once the tourists have spent

their money and gone home, the lion or elephant or what-have-you is still there, but why spoil the beauty of an argument with petty details?

I mentioned the Oxford researcher to another leading authority on lion behaviour — arguably the leading authority on lion conservation, an academic who has been banned from Tanzania for his troubles, and his outspoken comments about government corruption — it’s odd how funds earmarked for conservation always seem to vanish under mysterious circumstances — and he replied, via Facebook message, that, “She’s wasting her time” trying to work with the hunting lobby.

And then there’s Sir Ranulph Fiennes, who unloaded just this past week in The Guardian about what utter contempt he holds trophy hunters — “Bullying bastards!” — in, and how, at age 75 and one of the leading British explorers of his generation with several endurance records to his name, he is fed up with the same discredited arguments being made time and time again.

But don’t take my — or Sir Ranulph’s — word for it. Here’s some supplemental reading which represents different points-of-view in the debate. Read them and judge for yourself what you think sounds right and feels right. Emotion v. reason, right v.wrong — take your pick. I know where I stand, and it’s not with the fat dentist from Minnesota, nor the idiot sons of an American grotesque who strides atop the world stage at the present moment in time.

That’s just me speaking personally, mind — as well as correctly and objectively, to borrow a line from the late-night comedian John Oliver.

https://thehill.com/changing-america/opinion/481669-saving-africas-last-lions-will-rely-on-evidence-not-emotion

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/feb/17/ranulph-fiennes-labels-trophy-hunters-bullying-bastards-and-calls-for-uk-import-ban-aoe

https://www.conservationconversation.co.uk/single-post/Prof-Craig-Packer-on-Trophy-Hunting

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/19/tanzania-to-relocate-36-serengeti-lions-after-attacks-on-humans-and-cattle

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2015/09/150916-book-talk-simon-worrall-craig-packer-lions-serengeti-tanzania-trophy-hunting-africa-conservation/

https://www.gq.com/story/what-its-like-to-hunt-an-elephant

https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/feb/19/wildlife-killing-deer-diversity-resources-environment

Ranulph Fiennes. Photo ©Stefan Rousseau-PA

Ranulph Fiennes. Photo ©Stefan Rousseau-PA


Tags: trophy hunting, Sir Ranulph Fiennes, Paul Theroux, Craig Packer, Greta Thunberg, species extinction, if it pays it stays, Tanzania, Ruaha Predator Project, University of Minnesota, University of Oxford, lion research, elephant hunting, land management, conservation conversation, Serengeti lions, trophy import ban, human wildlife conflict, The Guardian, National Geographic, GQ, The Hill
©Rohan Chakravarty

©Rohan Chakravarty

On GreenHumour.com and How Humour Can Change the Climate Conversation

February 14, 2020
“Like a welcome summer rain, humour may suddenly cleanse and cool the earth, the air and you.”
— Langston Hughes, American poet, 1902-1967

A good laugh makes any interview, or any conversation, better. He who laughs, lasts. A sense of humour is part of the art of leadership, of getting along with people, of getting things done.

That last one came courtesy of that noted comedian Dwight D. Eisenhower, and it’s hard to argue with someone who got as much done as Eisenhower did.

But climate change? The environment? Species extinction?

Is climate change too hot to handle?

Humour is a sense of intellectual perspective, an awareness that some things are really important, others not, and that the two kinds are oddly jumbled in everyday affairs, the poet Christopher Morley said.

Cartoonist and illustrator Rohan Chakravarty came by his work for the website GreenHumour.com honestly, then. Thoughts about climate change consume his every waking moment, but the importance of being earnest seems less important somehow if not everyone gets the message. Even the most ardent and committed climate crusader could use a light moment on occasion, and Chakravarty had just the tonic: Cartoons that make you laugh and think at the same time.

And so, the idea for GreenHumour was born.

“Every child is born an artist and I was no exception,” Chakravarty explains. “Cartooning was always my chosen means of expression, but little did I think of it as a career.”

Chakravarty hailed from Nagpur in the central Indian state of Maharashtra, a region noted for its wildlife. His relationship with nature — he calls it his “wild tryst” — began as a volunteer with the Sanctuary Nature Foundation’s Kids for Tigers programme in Nagpur, where he led nature walks for children. He derived little pleasure from drawing cartoons about life’s random miscellanies and vicissitudes but when he started to focus on wildlife, a light went on.

“I felt a spark igniting from within. Something connected with me deep down. A certain magic happened and I was finally beginning to find a flow. The fact that (these) cartoons featured an angle of awareness was an added advantage.

“Most of my artwork in school focused on adapting my favourite cartoon characters into my own stories, and I filled notebook after notebook with comics.

“My first serious cartoon on wildlife was on tiger conservation that appeared in Sanctuary Asia way back in 2009.

“I have always connected better with animals than I have with human beings. I think I understand animals better than I understand most people I know . . . and to make your first love your muse is only natural for an artist.

“Most cartoonists draw on politics and social issues, and I consciously avoided taking that route. Politicians generally make rather ugly subjects and my eyes are quite sensitive to beauty, so animals were always my first choice — not that I do not enjoy drawing ugly animals like the blobfish!”

Two years ago, according to Smithsonian magazine, the blobfish was voted the earth's most hideous species in an online poll conducted by the UK-based Ugly Animal Preservation Society. 

“I had always wondered why, despite their glamour and allure, wild animals have never been on the front page of any newspaper, so cartoons became my attempt at popularizing wildlife and emphasizing conservation issues.”

And so followed, among others, a cartoon series about the helmeted hornbill (for IUCN, the International Union for Conservation of Nature) with its “funky spiky hairdo, despite having to wear a helmet all the time;” the Darwin fox, aka Darwin’s Zorro, an endangered canid endemic to Chile and subject of the cartoon ‘The Legend of Darwin’s Zorro;’ the jaguar’s uses of its rosettes (“camouflage, individual identification — and apex predator style statement”); ocean acidification and how the dungeness crab lost his shell; the Himalayan griffon vulture’s wingspan (“about as wide as the difference between patriotism for a political party and patriotism for a nation”); and the brahminy starling, before and after its morning cup of coffee.

The ideas may be original and the work inspired, but that doesn’t mean making people laugh for a living is easy, even with climate change so much in the news these days.

“Although cartooning is the most enjoyable activity I have ever known, making a living out of it isn’t exactly a cakewalk, specially in India,” Chakravarty explains. “The fact that I’m hopelessly obsessed with my work has helped me keep discipline in my schedule, and the expansion of the web has helped by resulting in more avenues for cartoonists to supplement their income.”

Chakravarty is doing his part to help the planet, though, and that has its compensations.  

Itʼs hard to see even a glimmer of hope behind the mushrooming cloud of depressing facts, so it may be time to make the facts a little less depressing. Humour fits the bill — or hornbill, if you prefer. Perhaps one day Jim Carrey will play Rohan Chakravarty in the movie.

©Rohan Chaklravarty.  Originally published on RoundGlass Sustain

©Rohan Chaklravarty. Originally published on RoundGlass Sustain

Tags: green humour, GreenHumour.com, climate comversation, Rohan Chakravarty, species extinction, extinction rebellion, Sanctuary Nature Foundation, Kids for Tigers, Sanctuary Asia, blobfish, Ugly Animal Preservation Society, International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Smithsonian Magazine, Nagpur, Maharashtra, Darwin fox, Darwin's Zorro, Himalayan griffon, brahminy starling, Langston Hughes, Eisenhower, Christopher Morley, climate change, climate crisis, climate emergency, Fridays For Future, Fridays 4 Future, School Strike for Climate, schoolstrike4climate.com
©Daniel Ole Sambu /Big Life Foundation

©Daniel Ole Sambu /Big Life Foundation

Big Tim: Look on His MIghty Works, and Do Not Despair

February 06, 2020
“Human population growth along with wholesale abuse of the environment have put us at war with wildlife. And it is a war that, if humanity isn’t careful, we will win. But it will be a tragic and Pyrrhic victory of epic proportion. Very simply, I worry that a world without animals will be a world we won’t want to—or be able to—live in. The last stop on the road to our own extinction. ”
— Scott Asen, Wildlife Direct

On a beautiful sunny day in Amboseli National Park, against the backdrop of snow-capped Mount Kilimanjaro, a small group of cars was gathered at a safe distance around the prostrate bull elephant. The elephant lay still in the dust, head on the ground, his enormous tusks and trunk stretched out in front of him. Tension rose among the onlookers as the minutes passed. 

Then the huge elephant flapped his ear, got up gently, shook his head vigorously in a vain attempt to dislodge the strange object around his neck, and walked off. We all breathed a sigh of relief. The operation to attach a tracking collar to Tim had gone perfectly.

That was Kenya conservationist and elephant researcher Paula Kahumbu writing in The Guardian on Feb. 14, 2018, virtually two years ago to the day.

The elephant in question was Big Tim, one of just 100 remaining African tuskers — so named when an elephant’s tusks grow so long they touch the ground.

The operation, affixing a GPS tracking device as part of a larger program to track the area’s elephants and alleviate human-wildlife conflict by discouraging elephants from raiding farmers’ crops, proved a success. The latest satellite technology is helping keep elephants safe from poachers — and away from farmers’ crops.

At the time, Big Tim would have been in his late 40s — old by wild elephants’ standards where a prolonged surge in poaching and illegal hunting has put the entire species at risk.

This past Wednesday, the Kenya Wildlife Service reported that Big Tim had died, presumably of natural causes, at age 50.

Word of Big Tim’s passing, one of the most famous — and most photographed — elephants in East Africa made news headlines  everywhere from Nairobi’s Daily Nation to BBC, CNN and NPR in the US.

“Rest in Peace, Grand Old Man,” Elite Anti-Poaching Units and Combat Trackers posted on the group’s Facebook page. “Tim was loved by all and will be deeply missed,” the post continued. “He was protected 24/7 by the phenomenal rangers at Big Life Foundation and Kenya Wildlife Service.

“Over the years, we did not post photos of Tim to ensure his safety. But even as an aging tusker, Tim was prone to his escapades.” 

The accompanying photo was taken by Big Life Foundation’s Daniel Ole Sambu.

The satellite tracking program is costly and labour intensive but it has proven effective.

Amboseli, a 39,000-hectare national park a stone’s throw across the border from Mt. Kilimanjaro in neighbouring Tanzania, is situated on Maasai land, and the Maasai needed convincing that the satellite program wasn’t just another empty PR stunt on the part of NGOs that always claim to know what’s best for pastoral cattle herders. Security teams track collared elephants, like Tim, on a map on a cell phone. If the signal shows an elephant to be moving close to agricultural areas, the security teams can respond by moving the elephant away before they cause trouble. If the GPS signal shows the elephant to be standing still for several hours, it sends an alert that the elephant may be in trouble.

Tim’s passing is more than just another highlight moment in media sentimentality and anthropomorphism. “The tuskers are an irreplaceable symbol of our continent’s natural heritage,” Kahumbu noted. Over the years, the systematic extermination of elephant tuskers by trophy hunters and ivory poachers has acted as a form of unnatural selection, in that their gene pool  is not being passed to the next generation of East Africa’s dwindling population of wild elephants. Despite their seeming ubiquity in zoos and circuses, elephants do not do well in captivity because very few zoological exhibits — basically, none — can replicate the space needed to sustain a viable breeding herds, let alone feed the gene pool.

The name “Tim” wasn’t just an attempt to anthropomorphize a cuddly animal to the public at large. Amboseli elephant researcher Cynthia Moss, one of the pioneers of the world’s most comprehensive, detailed elephant study program, took a page from Jane Goodall’s chimpanzee research groups by naming individual animals with the first letter in their name corresponding with their family group.

Tim, in other words, is readily identifiable — to anyone, and not just researchers — as being a member of the “T” family group, like his mother Trista. Over the years, Moss’s NGO, The Amboseli Trust for Elephants, has provided comprehensive — and critical — information about the habits of wild elephants to the world at large. As the species teeters on the edge of oblivion, that is more important today than ever.

In death as in life, researchers hope that Tim’s memory will inspire further efforts to find viable  solutions to the increasing number of incidents involving human-wildlife conflict — not just with elephants but with all wild animals.

“In every walk with nature,” John Muir once said, “one receives far more than he seeks.”

https://biglife.org/news-events/bush-journal/famous-tusker-gets-hi-tech-necklace

KWS Director-General Kitili Mbathi (left) affixing GPS collar to Big Tim in 2016 with WildlifeDirect CEO Paula Kahumbu. Photo ©Paul Obuna/WildlifeDirect

KWS Director-General Kitili Mbathi (left) affixing GPS collar to Big Tim in 2016 with WildlifeDirect CEO Paula Kahumbu. Photo ©Paul Obuna/WildlifeDirect

©Paul Obuna/WildlifeDirect

©Paul Obuna/WildlifeDirect


Tags: Big Tim, Amboseli, Amboseli National Park, Paula Kahumbu, WildlifeDirect, Big Life Foundation, Amboseli Trust for Elephants, Amboseli Elephant Trust, Cynthia MOss, Kilimanjaro, Daily Nation, Nairobi, Elite Anti-Poaching Units and Combat Trackers, tuskers, Facebook, Kili, Daniel Ole Sambu, Maasai, anthropomorphism, Jane Goodall, John Muir, GPS, satellite collaring, Kitili Mbathi
©Sussex Royal Instagram

©Sussex Royal Instagram

Of Finland, Fake News and Fake Photos: Fighting the War Against Disinformation.

February 04, 2020
“The goal is active, responsible citizens and voters. Thinking critically, fact-checking, interpreting and evaluating all the information you receive, wherever it appears, is crucial. We’ve made it a core part of what we teach teach, across all subjects.”
— Kari Kivinen, head teacher, Lycée franco-finlandais d’Helsinki

Fakery abounds. But it doesn’t have to.

Word that Prince Harry lost his press complaint against the Mail on Sunday that dramatic wildlife pictures the Duke of Sussex took in Africa did not show the fact that the animals were tethered and sedated at the time came just days after another report singled out Finland as a country where media education — the fight against fake news — is now being taught in elementary schools, to children so young they have only just learned how to read.

Finland was recently rated as Europe’s most resistant nation to fake news.

Fake photos, too, one imagines.

And small wonder. Hard as it may be to believe, children as young as seven and eight are learning how to spot the difference between misinformation, disinformation and mal-information.

The Prince Harry photos don’t really fit any of these categories, as the UK Independent Press Standards Organization (IPSO) findings show.

The way they were presented, though, was misleading, whether by intent or accident, through error of omission if nothing else.

By cropping out a rope tether around the elephant’s back legs, and by failing to mention that the ele is sedated, the impression given is that the Duke of Sussex is an intrepid, fearless explorer in deepest, darkest Africa, awestruck and unbowed by the mightiest of beasts.

Career conservationists — and probably Harry himself — would be more interested in the actual story behind the photo: The elephant in question was part of a difficult and dangerous relocation of wild elephants and rhinos in the southern African nation of Malawi to a safer part of that country, where they wouldn’t chased and poached for their ivory and horn.

The photos were last April on the Sussexes’ Instagram account, in recognition of Earth Day.

The supposedly offending image itself was taken years earlier, in 2016.

Fakery abounds. But it doesn’t have to.

Word that Prince Harry lost his press complaint against the Mail on Sunday that dramatic wildlife pictures the Duke of Sussex took in Africa did not show the fact that the animals were tethered and sedated at the time came just days after another report singled out Finland as a country where media education — the fight against fake news — is now being taught in elementary schools, to children so young they have only just learned how to read.

Finland was recently rated as Europe’s most resistant nation to fake news.

Fake photos, too, one imagines.

And small wonder. Hard as it may be to believe, children as young as seven and eight are learning how to spot the difference between misinformation, disinformation and mal-information.

The Prince Harry photos don’t really fit any of these categories, as the UK Independent Press Standards Organization (IPSO) findings show.

The way they were presented, though, was misleading, whether by intent or accident, through error of omission if nothing else.

By cropping out a rope tether around the elephant’s back legs, and by failing to mention that the ele is sedated, the impression given is that the Duke of Sussex is an intrepid, fearless explorer in deepest, darkest Africa, awestruck and unbowed by the mightiest of beasts.

Career conservationists — and probably Harry himself — would be more interested in the actual story behind the photo: The elephant in question was part of a difficult and dangerous relocation of wild elephants and rhinos in the southern African nation of Malawi to a safer part of that country, where they wouldn’t chased and poached for their ivory and horn.

The photos were last April on the Sussexes’ Instagram account, in recognition of Earth Day.

The supposedly offending image itself was taken years earlier, in 2016.

20-02-04 ele after-before.jpg

The rope around the elephant’s back legs was not visible in the frame because of Instagram’s restrictive format, according to papers filed by the complainant, and not because of any deliberate action or deception on the part of the Sussexes in how the picture was edited and presented.

The Mail on Sunday — never an admirer of the royal family —   argued before the press council that seeing is believing: The photo is not all that it seems, whether the cropping was by design or forced on the Sussexes by Instagram’s algorithm. (I’ve had personal experience with this on my own Instagram account; Instagram is designed to show an image in a square format, but there’s a button at the bottom of the screen that gives the user the option of posting an image in the original 4x3 aspect ratio favoured by most of today’s SLR cameras. The only catch is that the user has to know the button is there, and then know how to use it.)

In the case of Prince Harry and the ele photo, the Sussexes posted an uncropped version of the photo on the royal family’s website when it was originally taken, in 2016.

The Duke of Sussex’s Instagram post in April included a link to the website of the conservation NGO that hosted Harry; the uncropped version, showing the tether, is clearly posted for anyone and everyone to see.

In the case before the press council, each side accused the other of being deliberately misleading.

In their finding, regulators ruled the complaint was unproven or unprovable: Take your pick. These things often come down to a question of personal interpretation.

Interpretation — knowing how to tell the difference between fake and real, deliberate and accidental, subjective and objective — lies at the heart of the concept of media education.

And that’s what makes the Finland school program so telling, and so interesting to see in action.

Primary schools lay the groundwork, by encouraging seven and eight-year-olds to learn how to separate fake from real.

In fairy tales, for example, foxes are almost always shown to be wily and deceptive, tricksters who prey on unsuspecting victims using sly words.

Children are reminded, though, that in real life foxes don’t speak — at least not in words any other animals, or person, can understand.

Already, the child is learning to understand the use of allegory and metaphor.

By secondary school, information literacy and critical thinking are taught in virtually every class, at every level, whether mathematics, where pupils learn how easy it is to lie using statistics, or history, where they learn about effective propaganda campaigns throughout history.

This is especially pertinent for a country like Finland, which won independence from Russia in 1917 and has faced a relentless disinformation war ever since, a war that has only  heated up since Russia annexed Crimea just five years ago and told the world that was a good and righteous deed.

In language class, students are shown the ways different words — and images — can be used to mislead, confuse and deceive.

The media education program has the stamp of approval right up into the upper echelons of Finland’s national government.

Children are taught from a young age that, while the government has a social responsibility to protect them from bad information and lies, the primary responsibility ultimately comes down to the individual.

Interpretation — knowing how to tell the difference between fake and real, deliberate and accidental, subjective and objective — lies at the heart of the concept of media education.

And that’s what makes the Finland school program so telling, and so interesting to see in action.

Primary schools lay the groundwork, by encouraging seven and eight-year-olds to learn how to separate fake from real.

In fairy tales, for example, foxes are almost always shown to be wily and deceptive, tricksters who prey on unsuspecting victims using sly words.

Children are reminded, though, that in real life foxes don’t speak — at least not in words any other animals, or person, can understand.

Already, the child is learning to understand the use of allegory and metaphor.

By secondary school, information literacy and critical thinking are taught in virtually every class, at every level, whether mathematics, where pupils learn how easy it is to lie using statistics, or history, where they learn about effective propaganda campaigns throughout history.

This is especially pertinent for a country like Finland, which won independence from Russia in 1917 and has faced a relentless disinformation war ever since, a war that has only  heated up since Russia annexed Crimea just five years ago and told the world that was a good and righteous deed.

In language class, students are shown the ways different words — and images — can be used to mislead, confuse and deceive.

The media education program has the stamp of approval right up into the upper echelons of Finland’s national government.

Children are taught from a young age that, while the government has a social responsibility to protect them from bad information and lies, the primary responsibility ultimately comes down to the individual.

“Kids today . . . don’t look for news,” Kari Kivinen, dean of education and head teacher at the Franco-Finnish Lycée franco-finlandais school in Helsinki explained in an interview this past weekend with the Guardian’s Jon Henley.

“They stumble across it, on WhatsApp, YouTube, Instagram, Snapchat . . . or, more precisely, an algorithm selects it, just for them. They must be able to approach it critically. Not cynically — we don’t want them to think everyone lies — but critically.”

The critical way of looking at the photo of Prince Harry and the elephant, then, is to ask: How and where was this taken; what were the circumstances; when was it taken; why was it taken; and who stands to benefit?

Prince Harry comes by his conservation passions honestly by all accounts, and is not in it for photo ops. He would probably be the first to agree that these are good questions.

‘Prince Harry, Intrepid Explorer in Africa,’ while a fun image, is not particularly helpful, for anyone — except, perhaps, a profit-driven newspaper looking to sell copies to curious onlookers at the local newsstand.

On the other hand, the message, ‘Prince Harry wants to save elephants. It’s awe-inspiring work, but hard and dangerous,’ is a message anyone can get behind. Nearly anyone, at any rate.

The trick is in learning how to separate the two, and know fake from real.

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/28/fact-from-fiction-finlands-new-lessons-in-combating-fake-news

©The Australian.co.au

©The Australian.co.au


Tags: fake news, wildlife photography, media education, media literacy, information literacy, Finland, Mail on Sunday, critical thinking, Malawi, fact checking, elephant relocation, elephants, Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex, Kari Kivinen, Lycée franco-finlandais d’Helsinki, Helsinki, Franco-Finnish School, Independent Press Standards Organization, IPSO, Instagram, Sussexes, The Guardian, Jon Henley, WhatsApp, YouTube, Snapchat
©Achim Scholty-Pixabay

©Achim Scholty-Pixabay

Yellowstone 25 Years Later: Turns Out the Big Bad Wolf Is Not All That

January 29, 2020
“The pressure was huge with this project. If we couldn’t do this here, on our own turf in one of the most famous parks in the world, as one of the richest nations in the world, then who could? This was an example to the globe in restoring nature.”
— Doug Smith, senior biologist, Yellowstone Wolf Project

Try as he might, the Big Bad Wolf has a tough time living up to his reputation, no matter how hard the hunting lobby and ranchers want it that way. The saying “This land is your land” cuts both ways, and as with most things in the illusory world we friend ourselves in today, it’s subject to personal interpretation.

Some truths remain self-evident, though, no matter how hard  detractors try to claim otherwise. And, 25 years to the month after grey wolves were reintroduced into Yellowstone National Park, the results are striking.

Twenty-five years ago, the project to return wolves to the continental United States’ first national park was met with skepticism and downright hostility. The project was one of the first attempts to return an apex predator to an expansive ecosystem, and was done in part because field biologists at the time recognized the entire park was on the verge of ecological collapse.

Their argument would be a tough sell today, given the current climate of political division, where opinion matters more than facts, and the idea of reintroducing an apex predator to an ecosystem on the verge of collapse seems, on the face of it, a frightfully dumb idea — not unlike combatting a deadly disease by introducing even more deadly, invasive bacteria.

Biologists and park officials understood, though, that, by culling the weak and infirm, apex predators play a critical role in ensuring an ecosystem remains healthy.

It’s a hard argument to make with people who either can’t or won’t understand the value of long-term thinking, especially in a post-facts world where all that matters is what we can see with our own eyes, in the here and now, as in, right now.

The buzz word of the hour in the environmental community — basically anyone with a research degree in zoology and a rudimentary understanding of how ecosystems work — is “rewilding,” the process of restoring nature to its original habitat, whether that means removing dams and other man-made obstacles to free up rivers and allow the regeneration of natural forest cover, or reintroducing apex predators and other keystone species to areas where they’ve been eradicated.

The idea, relatively new in the US, has been in effect now for several years across central Europe — in Germany and Scandinavia, for example — and, more recently, in the UK, a country notable for its ecological ruin.

Wolves were one of the original species listed in the US Endangered Species Act, itself an endangered species now, thanks to the currently serving presidential administration, when the act was originally passed into law in 1973.

It wasn’t until 1995, though, more than 20 years later, that wolves were given a chance, thanks to generations of myth-making and misinformation.

During that time, field biologists — and anyone with a working brain — saw what a park without apex predators would turn into. Yellowstone’s elk population grew to unsustainable levels, with catastrophic effects on the park’s tree population of aspens and willows.

The coyote population ran rampant, which in turn wiped out species in the middle of the food chain. As trees began to fall, due to overgrazing by elk, beavers were no longer able to build dams and riverbanks eroded as a result.

A dozen or so wolves were captured in Alberta’s Jasper National Park, across the border in Canada, and relocated to Yellowstone, where curiosity seekers lined the bluffs in Lamar Valley to gawk at the wolves — transported in horse trailers — as though they were circus freaks being paraded through the town square.

Rewilding is rarely a smooth process, even at the best of times. And these were not the best of times.

The first wolf to be released into Yellowstone, dubbed No.10 by field biologists, was summarily shot by a rancher. Old habits die hard.

Its mate, No. 9, pregnant with pups, survived however. Incredibly, No. 9 and No. 10’s bloodline can be traced to most of the wolves in the park to today, according to recent DNA field studies.

The hunting lobby often portrays trophy hunting as a moneymaker while conservationist are characterized as granola-crunching losers, big city slickers who are little more than interfering meddlers and a drain on local economies.

It’s a funny thing, though. The reintroduction of wolves into Yellowstone has cost an estimated $30m USD over 25 years, ac cording to a recent study, but wolf ecotourism now brings in $35m USD annually.

Their reintroduction has proved an economic boon to surrounding communities. Yellowstone today is considered the best place on the planet Earth to observe wild wolves — an animal that, contrary to its reputation, is shy, reclusive and tends to hide in remote locations. 

In recognition of the original No. 10, then, here are 10 reasons why the natural world needs wolves, as first reported in Mother Jones and, just days ago, The Guardian:

1. Without wolves and other apex predators, ecosystems go haywire.

2. Scavengers thrive when wolves are around. Why does that matter? Because scavengers are nature’s janitors: They prevent the spread of deadly diseases like anthrax, by ensuring dead animals are not left to rot.

3. Wolf kills provide soil with life-sustaining nitrogen and other nutrients.

4. Wolf kills feed other animals as well, since they’re messy eaters and have a bad habit — or good habit, depending on one’s point-of-view — of scattering their carrion over wide areas.

5. No wolves means more coyotes, and coyotes’ favourite prey include the critically endangered pronghorn antelope. Interestingly, more wolves in Yellowstone has meant more pronghorn in Yellowstone.

6. Deer and elk hang out in smaller groups when wolves are around. Why does that matter? It reduces the transmission of communicable diseases common to deer and elk such as Chronic Wasting Disease. Who knew?

7. Wolves focus on weak and diseased prey animals, which reduces those animals’ lifespans, which in turn limits the amount of time they have to spread their infection.

8. Elk are less likely to overgraze near fragile rivers and streams, because wolves know those areas provide natural cover for stalking. Elk prefer to graze out in the open, where they can see wolves from a distance.

9. Incredibly, wolves are agents in the fight against climate change. Milder winters have led to fewer elk deaths by natural means. Once again, wolves are leading the drive to keep elk populations in check, which gives a much-needed break to tree cover and unrelated animals, like beavers, that rely on healthy forests to survive, and thrive.

10. Wolves drive the local economy by drawing tourists, who — crazily — seem more willing to pay to see a wild wolf than a dead coyote.

Again, who knew.

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0153808

©Randy Rodriguez-Pixabay

©Randy Rodriguez-Pixabay


Tags: rewilding, wolves, Yellowstone, Jasper National Park, grey wolves, gray wolves, coyotes, Mother Jones, The Guardian, Defenders of Wildlife, PLOS.org, Doug Smith, Yellowstone Wolf Project, trophy hunting, hunting lobby, ranching lobby, ecosystems, biodiversity, wildlife reintroduction, apex predators, Endangered Species Act, ESA, Lamar Valley, Montana, No. 10, ecotourism, Chronic Wasting Disease, CDC, elk, climate change
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“Man is modifying the world so fast and so drastically that most animals cannot adapt to the new conditions. In the Himalaya as elsewhere there is a great dying, one infinitely sadder than the Pleistocene extinctions, for man now has the knowledge and the need to save the remnants of his past.”

— Peter Matthiessen


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